An Agency is a Tripartite Agreement Between a Principal, Agent and Third Party - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2973 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? An agency agreement is a tripartite agreement between a principal, agent and third party Table of Contents Introduction Background of agency The three relationship Types of authority Fenwick Facts Opinion of the Watteau Controversy of the case Further case law Conclusion References Introduction The case took in concern here as the topic of discussion and evaluation of a historic case of controversy. The case was in the Queenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Bench addressing the undisclosed liability of a business corporation conducts and hence files against the violation of the commercial law in United Kingdom. The case was hence in brief the linked with the dormant partner hiding the involvement of a third party liable for acts within the authority of the other partner. So many hearings, so many session have been conducted on the issue. Some decisions of sessions has criticizes the filer and some on the other party hence the dormant partner according to the British Law. Some also dismissed the appeal. The court in Queenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Bench decided that defendant was the principal then the rules of principle applies in the case and established the fact that the third party can disclose principle on sued law. Hence, this decision is no longer applicable in some other states and cou ntries outside the United Kingdom based on other international law. And hereby the decision of the Bench was questioned for its correctness. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Agency is a Tripartite Agreement Between a Principal, Agent and Third Party" essay for you Create order Background of agency Agency the word of a legal relationship which probably actually generally exists in between two people where they hold the mutual relationship of disclosed principle on contractual and legal position of authority in respect of strangers making the disposition of the property. Here, if the agency analyzed in the case of Watteau vs. Fenwick case, a case of historical controversy examining many of the reference to the case over last 110 years clears the stand of convertible standalone of the agency in this modern legal world[1]. If the background is taken in concern for this historical case, there the plaintiff, Watteau who used to supply cigars to the beer house named Victoria located in Middleborough. Though Humble was the man who took care of the establishment of the house but acted actually as a manger. The real owner was the Fenwick and company. So, here it is evident that the actual contract relation is of two types here. One belongs to the disclosed contract and the other is not. The agency here lies in between of the Watteau and the house and another agency li of relationship of commercial operations among the Fenwick Company and the house manager Humble. One the creation of agency is completed according to the business strategies the agents are incorporated. Here Watteau did some operation and so did the Fenwick and Humble. The both agencies were must had been created by agreement[2]. If the agreement was not in written or legally valid the court would dismiss the charge against the company so do the defendant of the case. Here the agents were in terms of Humble, Fenwick Company and Watteau and so do the Victoria beer house. The agencies here was created by ratification after these agents acted on behalf. In commercial there arise a necessity of mutual acts where one party if is deemed lets another to act on behalf. This necessity has actually made the controversy and case criticism of this historical Bench. The three relationship Any business or commercial acts of agency conducts can be classified on the basis of three agent classes in broad senses; they simply include universal agents, General agents and the last one is the special case agents. In most cases all business or commercial operations held the first two agent classes. If it is taken under concern what the things or mood of acts make this classes separate from each other that their act of conductivity is pointed upon for this distinction. For any kind of higher agencies universal agents take the task of working on behalf of the principal of the authority or agency where they also hold the attorney power or the responsibilities of absence of the agency authority. In this case Humble is the power in absence of Fenwick Company the real owner of the Victoria bear house. General agents actually performs the series of transaction for the authority and also over a continuous period for the contracted time. In the case of supplying cigars to Victor ia bear house the transaction was made by the agent Plaintiff on behalf of Watteau and hereby the general agent for this agency of disclosed identity is the Plaintiff itself. And as per time continuity the business was being conducted among the two agency until the Fenwick identity came across the case filing against the undisclosed identity of Fenwick Company. However, as per the case filed the general agent activity get stopped hereby[3]. Special agents actually work on special period of need and transaction purpose. As the house get to owe the supply cost for the Watteau agents the special agent of limited period of that time was the Fenwick Company which was the prior time of case filing against the bear house. Special agents need not to be hidden always rather their activity specializes the need of time or the crisis evaluation strategy of the commercial business conductivities. This in this case turned out as the state of undisclosed and violation of commercial law to the d efendant of the case the Watteau cigar supplier. Types of authority Agents conducts on a specific principle being inside the scope of authorized operations conferred by his or her or their obligations and also against the third parties. However, the agents can be of several like actual authorization and apparent authorization. Both in this case of identity disclosed filled in from the defendant the position defer in terms of virtue. By virtue of the position here authority defers actually for the befall individuals and bound other partners in the agency like Humble himself. Though there are actually three types of authority found in business conducts dealing the actual authority, apparent authority and the special case is ratified authority that is not present in the relevant case study of the article. Actual Authority- in the case of [4]Watteau vs. Fenwick does arises from consensual agreement whether the question of indemnity is present in this fact is not present or not. Actual authority can be exemplified into express and implied in their conducts. Also called usual authority the conduct of Watteau in this case is merely the expressive authorization of contractual breach over of contract liable to third party the Fenwick Company of the implied period of warrant of that contract. This authorization gives the partner Watteau of the business conduct to file case against the unauthorized ownership in specific the hidden ownership of the company for Victoria house. Apparent Authority- Ostensible or apparent authority in this case is concerned the authorization of Humblerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s principle of conduct and being the leading person of the Victoria ear house. In this case, to ratify transaction the agents worked as principle of without authorization of the Watteau accordingly and also above the business legal contracts among the agencies. Hereby the defendant has the point of self-defense but the British law declared something opposite to this contract or authorization which gave birth of future controversy a nd hearings of sessions to the end or at most to the Queenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Bench from Cambridge court. Fenwick Fenwick is just a chain of departmental stores in England founded in lately 1882, the most independent business groups in the whole UK from the very early stage of the commercial business in the kingdom. John James Fenwick was the actual founder of this group however the actual store was opened at Newcastle. The company also created some shopping centers in past centuries around the kingdom of the states.[5] Right the present period the company has ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s headquarter at Newcastle upon Tyne. However, on the period of this case the company actually was not that much big as it is in today. Well it was pretty influential on those days. The chain of the stores also included a bear shop or house in UK wherever, Watteau and Plaintiff used to supply cigars. The company has ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s secrete ownership before the suppliers and the ratify transaction was usually conducted by the manger Humble. This has led the supplier to have an assumption of identity hiding hence cheating on behalf of the Fenwick company and of course the company had to face a legal contradict from the supplier when they owe the supplied payment towards them. Facts Defendant of this case the Fenwick Company owned a hotel pub and recruited a manager named Humble there to manage he establishment. He actually was the special and ratified face of the business conductivity performed and owned actually by the Fenwick Company on a hidden identity of ownership. It does not ended there the license of the pub and on the bar also included the name of him rather the actual owner. The defender the Fenwick Company forbade Humble not to purchase or make suppliance of anything outside the permitted list which included mineral water, bottle ales, and some other pub essentials. But the company did not notify him the reason of the forbidden fact. Hence the acting owner, Humble was unaware of the fact of legal constraints in making any supplement with the cigar suppliers. However, Humble still signed the agreement with a cigar supplier as a means of purchasing the pub essentials and side supplementary products in the pub for extra earnings with Plaintiff.[6] As the time passed, somehow Humble could not make proper payment in time. And the supplier of the cigar products, Plaintiff found that Humble is not the actual owner but Fenwick. He put a case to get his payment from the actual owner the defendant of the case. Opinion of the Watteau Watteau, the claimer of the damage actually claimed for its payment failed to be paid by Humble for they supply in time. Before the agreement they did not know about the actual and partner conductivity of the establishment of the beer pub. Bu, when the payment were not paid duly they made a research on the landlords and found the actual owner is store chain group of the whole United Kingdom and also capable of paying their damage. As far as they found the truth behind the agreement they make the company as defendant and filed the case for their damaged amount. As far their sayings it takes the following points in concern [7]: The defendant is the real principle. The defendant is liable for any purchase and damage compensation The defendant is the express and parent authority itself. The defendant has hidden identity They should compensate for their undisclosed appearance and having agreement on that with the suppliers The defendant have to discover its agents and also with its proper principal and compensate their damages. In the cases of undisclosed principle the company is deemed to have the usual authority but not the usual hidden character on behalf of Humble the acting partner of the company. The suppler Plaintiff, Watteau and Wills J used to analogous to the partnered arrangement for the authority limitation for true agencies. Controversy of the case The issue in concern of the case is that whether the defendant is liable for the damages resulting from the agreement among Plaintiff and Humble the acting owner of the establishment. The controversial point here is the ownerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s liability above the agents conduct. The owner though forbade the acting authority not to purchase or make agreement, he did. The owner can deny the liability. But the case, is clear on the fact that actual owner of the land and establishment is regarded as the liable of any business transaction of that establishment not the acting personnel. The case in here, undermine the doctrine concern of authorized commercial conductivity. Violation of commercial law, contractual agreement, failure of payment on contracted agreement, absence of business principle of agent conductivity hence are mentioned in the litigations.[8] Limitation of authority between the dormant and the active parent of Fenwick Company the law of partnership in this contra st is just nothing but general law of agentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s principle which is violated by the agent. It is hence undisputed under this point of discussion than that it appears[9]. The case while ins primary stage was decided against the defendant though it goes round the several high benches for further approval of the defended company. Though the decision of purchasing was taken by the acting partner the loss and damage were decided and hence ordered to be paid by the landlord. However, the owner can file another case against the acting owner for his misconduct and out of permission activities. Bust Benin stacked with the current controversy it is decided from the Queenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Bench that the actual owner is liable to Plaintiff for the damage and make the proper payment of their supply. Further case law As per the law of the United Kingdom here most of the cases have previous historical impacts on the newer cases. This is not actually the only accustom of the British Law rather many supreme law and legal complexity cases follows the footprint of previous controversial and historical influential cases as in expertise. It gives the better understanding of law and the practice of the current critical solution proving a better decision for both the parties of each cases. As for the cases this has a long academic impacts for over 125 years of expertise experience in legal system of British supreme law and legal cohesion of authorized principal of agents. Though it has a question on its correctness it is not the improper one to be followed rather it should be discussed on both the sides for the better judiciary decision makings by the benches of legal defendants in UK legal houses. Many further cases has been paved through out past decades on and being influenced by this case. The ca se was conducted in the year 1893 the long ago of the modern era of commercial law. Hence it is a sample problem in most of the commercial legal cases of the Commonwealth and UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ legal expertise. Todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s several agreement and authority complexity and defendant cases are based on the decision of that case and are hence solved based on the controversy of the case and also against the case. In most countries like Canada they do not accept the result of the decision of this case from Queenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Bench as deal for their legal system also in USAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s todays congressman law system do not approve but in UK they follow this yet. The case also led to some further case filings where most of them are worthy enough to be exemplified likewise below: Lind vs. Schenley Mill Street Church vs. Hogan According to restatement 144, 14K, 14 O and 1(1) the agency relationship is defined and hence the policy regionals explain the fact of acceptability and against controversy of Watteau. Conclusion The actual reasoning sometimes flawed by the decision according to the existing law. The case of Watteau vs. Fenwick here also make the controversy on the basis of this fewness. Though the public policy add a fair outcomes hence the decision on that Bench was not that much accepted by the people around the globe and criticized the case filing by Watteau. This case example though followed only once yet is in a list of historical bench of sessions against a defendant. This case study remains aside in Canada but widely discussed in the legal study inside the whole United Kingdom also in this modern legal study. Though the reasoning may be flawed but the decision was not correct on the basis of authority principle whilst the actual landlord forbade the acting partner about the purchasing credentials. The court hence need to look behind and get the actual reasoning for the case again to justify the actual decision made that year. References Brent Cross History Fenwick buys Bentalls in 70m deal. This is Money. Retrieved 4 December 2014. Anne Pimlott Baker, ËœFenwick family (per. 1882, 1979), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 29 April 2011 Butcher, Joanne (2 November 2011). Kids flock to Fenwick Christmas window display. The Evening Chronicle. Retrieved 29 April 2012. Cohen, G. M The Collusion problem in agency law (1998). Found at: G McMeel, Philosophical Foundations of the Law of Agency (2000) 116 LQR 387 GHL Fridman, The Demise of Watteau v Fenwick: Sign-O-Lite Ltd v Metropolitan Life Insurance Co (1991) 70 Canadian Bar Review 329 https://www4.law.cornell.edu/working-papers/open/cohen/cohen.htm . Kevin Rogers, 2004, The moral rights of the author have been asserted. Database rights The Centre for International Law (maker) LS Sealy and RJA Hooley, Commercial Law: Text, Cases and Materials (4th edn OUP 2009) S Saintier, Final guidelines on compensation of commercial agents (2008) 124 LQR 31 Tettenborn, A Agents, business owners and Estoppel (1998) Cambridge Law Journal 274. [1] For instance, see Becherer v Asher (1896) 23 OAR 202; and also McLauglin v Gentles (1919) [2] Stone, R.T.H Usual and Ostensible Authority à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ One concept or two? (1993) Journal of Business Law 325, 330. [3] Hornby, J.A The Usual authority of an agent (1961) Cambridge Law Journal 239 [4] Kevin Rogers 2004, The moral rights of the author have been asserted. Database rights The Centre for International Law (maker) [5] Montrose, J.L Liability of Principal for acts exceeding actual and apparent authority (1939),Canadian Bar Review 693, 695 [6] Case Comment [1893] Law Quaterley Review 111 in which it was stated: We do not feel clear that the Watteau v Fenwick à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢93 1 QB 346 is right. Cases 1893/4 Harvard Law, Review, page 49/50. [7] Kevin Rogers 2004, The moral rights of the author have been asserted. Database rights The Centre for International Law (maker) [8] Collier, J.G Authority of an Agent à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ Watteau v Fenwick revisited (1985) Cambridge Law Journal 363 [9] Keighley Maxstead v Durrant [1901] AC 240, Arthur v Barton (1840) 6 M W 138

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Economic Activity as Reflected in Paintings Essay Example For Students

Economic Activity as Reflected in Paintings Essay It is a Earners painting from the early 16th century. Not so many economists are, however, aware that there are two different versions Of this picture: one by Question Mammys, painted about 1514 (now in Paris, the Louvre), and another by Marinas (Cleanses) van Reimbursable, painted in 1539 (now in Madrid, in the Prod). There are significant changes between the two versions. This being the Scholastic period and also the epoch of the commercial revolution in Europe, we would expect this picture to have some sort tot economic meaning, and for the changes in the pictures to reflect these changes in economic activity and economic thought. We will argue in this paper that there does exist such a meaning; and that also the very important changes between Massy and Remorselessly pictures have much to do with the economic changes in Europe in the beginning of the 16th century. Most art historians have seen in Massy and Remorselessly paintings a satirical and normalizing symbolism, The Money Changer and his Wife being the representation of greed. Others think that the picture shows economic activity in a respectable way. Flanders at that time was the centre of a flourishing industrial and commercial activity, and also was the centre Of a mercantile trade n works of art. 80th things led to a representation of the professional activity Of moneychangers, goldsmiths, and bankers in a way that shows those activities as respectable professions. The second view is the one implicitly shared by economists when choosing this picture to illustrate many books on economics or business. Some scholars have proposed more subtle interpretations. Marjorie Grace- Hutchinson, the historian of economic thought who first aroused the interest of economists in the Spanish Scholastics of School of Salesmans, considers Massy painting to be an illustration of the intention of Scholastics to make imputable the commercial customs Of the time with Church doctrine on usury. According to her interpretation, Massy painting would mean the money lender working and, at the same time, discussing With his Wife the fairness Of a particular commercial deal, helped by the religious book his wife is reading. It is important to notice that, 25 years on, the book in Reimbursable painting is no longer a religious work but an accounting book. But art historians claim that there is still some symbolism in the painting which gives it a normalizing and satirical intent. According to them, this symbolism was clear to contemporaries UT not to us; or sometimes would have been intentionally difficult to notice for those contemporaries who were not in the same religious group as the painter or his client, For instance, the long, curved fingers of the bourgeois couple allegedly represented avarice. But Reimbursable painted the fingers tot Saint Jerome in the same way , so it must have an aesthetic intention and not a symbolic one. In the process of reviewing the different interpretations provided by art historians of this picture and other similar ones, we shall see that they are consistent with the that most art historians share about the economy as Hayes points out in his chapter of The fatal conceit, 1988, The Mysterious World of Trade and Money) rather than based on any objective interpretation of the painting and history. Thus, while the picture shows commercial and financial activity to be a normal, respectable occupation, most art historians see a normalizing and satirical intention. My view is that art historians prejudice towards commercial and financial activity leads them to a wrong interpretation Of the paintings. When the painters wanted to be satirical and normalizing, they did it in a way that is clearly recognizable by us today. And that this is not the case with the The Moneychangers and his Wife, in either the version of Massy or that of Reimbursable. . Question Massy Let us start with Question The Moneychangers and his Wife, dated 1514. . It is probably derided from a lost work by Jan van Check, c. 1440. 13] On the table are placed coins, a set of scales, and various other tools of their trade. (various other tokens of their wealth, says the art historian Jean-Claude Freer, 1997, p. 186, This is our first difference in interpretation), The man is weighing gold coins with great care. At that time, coins with the same face value aired in the amount of gold they contained (and therefore in their real exchange value), because it was a normal practice to file them down, clip them, or to shake them together in a bag in order to collect the gold dust they produced, So, the moneychangers is simply going about his business, not counting his money as a miser would du And, if you look at his face, it is not the face off miser, but the face of a concentrating working man, carefully carrying out his job. His wife is looking at the coins and scales too; but she has a book in her hands, The book is a religious one, an illustrated book of hours. Marjorie Grace- Hutchinson, the historian of economic thought who first brought economists attention to the Spanish Scholastics of the School of Salesmans, considers Massy painting an illustration Of the intention Of the Scholastics to make compatible the commercial practices of their time with the Churchs doctrine on usury _ According to her interpretation, Massy painting portrays the money lender at work and, at the same time, discussing with his wife the fairness of a particular commercial deal, helped by consulting the religious book his Wife is reading. 41 Many other interpretations of Missys work consider this picture as to be a realizing one, in a much stronger sense than that of Grace. Hutchinson view. The Incarnate Encyclopedia says: In The Moneychangers and his Wife, the subtly hinted conflict between avarice and prayer represented in the couple illustrates a new satirical quality in his (It is curious that the Web Gallery of Art, together with the Incarnate article, provides this contradictory explanation: The painting remains in the Flemish tradition of van Check, with the addition off profane sense of beauty, sign of a new Another scholar says this about Massy: Painters also began to treat new subjects. Men like Question Massy, for example, played an active role in the intellectual life of their cities and began to mirror the ethical concerns expressed by humanist thinkers with new paintings that used secular scenes to impart normalizing messages. Vivid tableaux warned against gambling, lust, and other At the bottom Of the painting there is a circular mirror; we can see the tiny figure of a man wearing a turban. For some reason, the following is the explanation Of the art historian Jean-Claude Freer: a side Window, under which we can just make out the tiny figure of a thief. He would seem to be spying on the couple as they count their gold, While they would seem to be Oblivious to his presence, blinded by their greed . 18] Let us leave aside the greed and concentrate on the tiny man. Is he a thief? Dont know. But Im sure he is not spying on the couple as they count their gold: I am not an art historian, but it seems clear to me that the man is inside the room, he is reading a book and looking out of the window to the street. In think that this is not a casual mistake: it is consistent with art historians interpretation. Symbolism, a source of moralistic interpretation My view is that art historians explanation of The Moneychangers and his Wife as a satirical work containing symbolic allusions hidden tromp contemporary observers, is merely a reflection of their own prejudices concerning certain economic activities. Let us consider the serious arguments supporting the symbolic explanations of paintings of the Flemish Renaissance, in order to be able to judge when a painting has this meaning and when has not. The famous art historian Erwin Pompanos held that the Early Hemi painters had to reconcile the new naturalism with a thousand years of Christian tradition. Based on SST. Atoms Aquinas, who thought that physical objects oeuvre corporeal metaphors for spiritual things, Pompanos (Early Netherlands Painting, 1953) maintains that in early Elements painting the method Of disguised symbolism was applied to each and every object, man made or There are other historical sources that point to a symbolic meaning in the painting Of Question Massy. In his painting Portrait Of a Merchant and his [Figure 31 there is a clearly legible inscription, in French: L avaricious nest Jamaica rumple dragnet Nays point couch des richness injustices, car less e Voss profiterole en rein AU sour De la visitation et De la vengeance. Soys don sans avarice. This is a paraphrase of the Gospel of SST Luke, Chi. XII, 15, 21-34; Saint Matthew, Chi. VI, 19-21 -Jean Calicles says that the main character in the painting est. osmium la parole  ©van ©liqueur. II est. fragment fide ©lee Dana less richness injustices, II en cede pas a la solicitation du Tentative quiz, derriere LU, lee visage tutor par lavaliere et la soot du lucre, LU propose des compete fantasies painting and Economic Activity at Handers We can expect the Flemish painters to be familiar with market oriented economic activity and the money world, because of the society in which they lived. Flanders at that time was the center of a flourishing industrial and commercial world, and also was the center of a mercantile trade of works of art. A Look at Georgia O'Keeffe's Painting Black Cross EssayBut there is no bible in Marinas painting. Instead, there is a hand-vitiated book, with no illustrations, Which seems to be an accounting book. The characters in Reimbursable painting are most elegant, With luxurious clothes, and long, delicate fingers. This is also thought by some scholars to be satirical: Long, curved fingers were, in WI century, a sign of greed or avarice, so an apparently domestic subject can also be full of moral Long, curved fingers and noses use to represent Jews and, by extension, greed or avarice in Christian iconography. It may be important to notice that Jews played an important role in Nonvoters economic activity. The money market was controlled by the Italian Lombardi, and Jews could only act as minor money- lenders. The Jews lent mainly small amounts tot money tort shorter periods of time to less wealthy people such as butchers and bakers, Scarcity was an excellent situation tort Jewish money-lenders. As a consequence, they had many clients among the common people who probably had great difficulties in paying them back. This fact may have reinforced the strong anti-Semitism prevalent at that mime, There were a massacre of Jews in Antwerp in 1350, and then many Spanish and Portuguese maroons came to settle there after 1492 and 1437, expelled from Spain and Portugal] I havent fully explored yet the possibility of the satirical portraits being racist or anti-Semitic). But the long fingers can imply other things: they can be an esthetics technique to make people appear more mystical, materialistic, attractive. We could interpret thus the fingers of Reimbursable Saint Jerome, in 1521. And Saint Jerome transmits you the idea of ascetic sanctity, the antithesis of greed. (Although, again, mom scholar says that Remorsefully painting Of Saint Jerome is stressing the crabbedness of scholarship. Even if that is correct, it would not be the crabbedness Of greed). TO me, the long, curved fingers Of the moneychangers and his beautiful wife imply simply elegance. This is my personal impression. If then kick at Other paintings by Reimbursable, for instance, the two Tax Gatherers (also The Misers), described by the same scholar as exceedingly ugly and covetous, I dont need to be his contemporary to notice the satirical meaning. 1251 After comparing their clever interpretations with what a spectator sees in Hess pictures, would recommend that the meaning of a painting, as given by art historians, not be accepted uncritically: their judgments appear to be based upon certain prejudices, in this case concerning commercial and financial practices, rather than any objective analysis of the painting. . Other Flemish occupational portraits If you look at other paintings of the same school, it is easy to find examples of good, non critical or satirical, representation of moneychangers, goldsmiths, and bankers. Adrian Scenarist Man Weighing Gold (c. is described in this way by Jean E. Wilson: This sensitive portrait of a banker or, perhaps, a moneychangers reveals the sitters evident pride in his occupation. The portrait also Serves as an example of the Widening interest in portraiture, which had gradually extended to members of the business sector In Hieronymus Poochs The Table of the Deadly 1480, avarice is shown as a judge who is being bribed. This is completely different from the activity of the banker: what Busch shows us is not a profit-seeking commercial practice which is therefore sinful, but an act of corruption which would be taken to be immoral equally in a commercially oriented society or in an ideal world described by Scholastic theologians. Another example of an occupational portrait is the portrait of a Merchant by Jean Grossest (c. Thought to be a portrait tot Ceremonious Candelas, a real merchant from Zealand, in Handers. There is nothing satirical about it: it is a purely occupational portrait. But the National Gallery of Art Brief Guide says this: the sitters furtive glance and prim mouth are enough to inform us of the insecurity and apprehension that haunted bankers in the sass, when the prevailing moral attitude was summed up by the Dutch humanist Erasmus, who asked, When did avarice reign more largely and less punished? 130] SST Eely (Elegies) in His Shop, 1449, by Peters is the clear representation of a goldsmith working in his shop and attending two clients: a rich, well-born bridal couple. It seems to be a representation of the goldsmiths trade, with the excuse of the portrait of a saint (hardly a subtle ploy, since SST. Eely is the patron Of goldsmiths guild). The goldsmith sits behind a Window sill extended to form a table, a pair of jewelers scales in one hand, a ring in the Other _ Only his halo suggests that the painting deals With legend. On the right is a display of examples of the goldsmiths craft. The picture may very well have been painted for a goldsmiths guild (the one in Antwerp). SST. Elegies is the Patron of metalworkers. As a maker of reliquaries he has become one of the most popular saints of the Christian West. Elegies (also known as Eely) was born around 590 near Lingoes in France. He became an extremely skillful metabolism and was appointed master of the mint under King Cloth of the Franks. Elegies developed a close friendship with the King and his reputation as an outstanding metabolism became widespread. It is important to notice that most prominent features in the elite tot SST. Elegies can be seen both as indications of sanctity and the best professional characteristics of a good goldsmith. In the goldsmiths trade, skills were as important as reliability, as Adam Smith notices in Wealth of Nations: *The wages of goldsmiths and jewelers are every- where superior to those of many other workmen, not only of equal, but of much period ingenuity; on account of the precious materials with they are entrusted 132] Elegies is praised for both qualities. From his biography, we can see how important this reliability of his goldsmith was, for the king to become Elegies protector: The king gave Elegies a great weight of gold. Elegies began the work immediately and from that which he had taken for a single piece of work, he was able to make two. Incredibly, he could do it all from the same weight for he had accomplished the work commissioned from him Without any fraud or mixture Of cliques, or any other fraudulence. Not claiming fragments bitten off by the file or using the devouring flame Of the furnace for an The portrait Saint Elegies by Peters Christ is a fine example of the occupational portrait, describing a goldsmiths shop, the only religious connection being the halo and the fact than the saint is the patron of the guild. The true normalizing pictures of the Flemish School Look at the painting The Ill-Matched Lovers, c, 1520, again you dont need to be a contemporary of his to notice the satirical intention, (It is important to notice that the theme of love between he old and the young was extremely popular in sixteenth century, and we can agree that both the popularity and the moral view has changed on this subject in modern times. The meaning of the painting, however, hasnt changed at all, because the artist doesnt paint the old man with tenderness and love and mature elegance, but as undignified uncontrolled, despicable desire). There are other paintings by Marinas which shows a clearly satirical approach, or at least an ugly expression which does not imply pride in the profession: see The Lawyers Office, 1545, and The Misers (also known, in different erosion, as The Tax Gatherers or The tax gatherer and his guarantor). This one shows devout tax collectors, or rather a treasurer, or an administrator With his clerk, the collector with a winking grimace. The treasurer enters in a book the sums received for the taxes With his right hand counts and weighs the Both of them look clearly satirical for a modern observer. 5. Conclusion This paper has compared the rival interpretations provided by economists and art historians of the painting The Moneychangers and his Wife. The painting is seen as an occupational portrait, showing a banker in his office, carefully sighing coins simply because this is one of most prominent features of his trade. It is a clearly secular subject, much more so in Remembrances version: the religious hooks in the womans hands has been turned into an accounting book. We could expect Hemi painters to be familiar with market oriented lived. Handers at that time was the center off flourishing industrial and commercial world, and also was the center of a mercantile trade in works of Both things led to a representation of the professional activity of respectable ones. In the process Of reviewing the different interpretations provided by art Astoria about this picture and other similar ones, we have seen that they are consistent With the views that art historians share about the economic activity, rather than based on any objective interpretation of the painting and history.